1 1 It was how she viewed Naomi. Even though ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Naomi was eighteen and training endlessly in the arts 55 needed to make a good marriage, Chie had made no Which choice best describes what happens in the effort to find her a husband. passage? Akira blushed. A) One character argues with another character “Depending on your response, I may stay in who intrudes on her home. Japan. I’ve come to ask for Naomi’s hand.” B) One character receives a surprising request from 60 Suddenly Chie felt the dampness of the night. another character. “Does Naomi know anything of your . . . ambitions?” C) One character reminisces about choices she has “We have an understanding. Please don’t judge made over the years. my candidacy by the unseemliness of this proposal. I D) One character criticizes another character for 65 ask directly because the use of a go-between takes pursuing an unexpected course of action. much time. Either method comes down to the same thing: a matter of parental approval. If you give your consent, I become Naomi’s yoshi.* We’ll live in the 2 House of Fuji. Without your consent, I must go to Which choice best describes the developmental 70 America, to secure a new home for my bride.” pattern of the passage? Eager to make his point, he’d been looking her full in the face. Abruptly, his voice turned gentle. “I see A) A careful analysis of a traditional practice I’ve startled you. My humble apologies. I’ll take no B) A detailed depiction of a meaningful encounter more of your evening. My address is on my card. If C) A definitive response to a series of questions 75 you don’t wish to contact me, I’ll reapproach you in two weeks’ time. Until then, good night.” D) A cheerful recounting of an amusing anecdote He bowed and left. Taking her ease, with effortless grace, like a cat making off with a fish. “Mother?” Chie heard Naomi’s low voice and 3 80 turned from the door. “He has asked you?” As used in line 1 and line 65, “directly” most The sight of Naomi’s clear eyes, her dark brows nearly means gave Chie strength. Maybe his hopes were preposterous. A) frankly. “Where did you meet such a fellow? Imagine! He B) confidently. 85 thinks he can marry the Fuji heir and take her to C) without mediation. America all in the snap of his fingers!” Chie waited for Naomi’s ripe laughter. D) with precision. Naomi was silent. She stood a full half minute looking straight into Chie’s eyes. Finally, she spoke. 90 “I met him at my literary meeting.” 4 Naomi turned to go back into the house, then Which reaction does Akira most fear from Chie? stopped. “Mother.” A) She will consider his proposal inappropriate. “Yes?” B) She will mistake his earnestness for immaturity. 95 “I mean to have him.” C) She will consider his unscheduled visit an * a man who marries a woman of higher status and takes her imposition. family’s name D) She will underestimate the sincerity of his emotions. Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 3 CO NTI N U E
1 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 9 Which choice provides the best evidence for the Why does Akira say his meeting with Chie is answer to the previous question? “a matter of urgency” (line 32)? A) Line 33 (“His voice . . . refined”) A) He fears that his own parents will disapprove of B) Lines 49-51 (“You . . . mind”) Naomi. C) Lines 63-64 (“Please . . . proposal”) B) He worries that Naomi will reject him and marry someone else. D) Lines 71-72 (“Eager . . . face”) C) He has been offered an attractive job in another country. 6 D) He knows that Chie is unaware of his feelings for Naomi. In the passage, Akira addresses Chie with A) affection but not genuine love. B) objectivity but not complete impartiality. 10 C) amusement but not mocking disparagement. Which choice provides the best evidence for the D) respect but not utter deference. answer to the previous question? A) Line 39 (“I don’t . . . you”) B) Lines 39-42 (“Normally . . . community”) 7 C) Lines 58-59 (“Depending . . . Japan”) The main purpose of the first paragraph is to D) Lines 72-73 (“I see . . . you”) A) describe a culture. B) criticize a tradition. C) question a suggestion. D) analyze a reaction. 8 As used in line 2, “form” most nearly means A) appearance. B) custom. C) structure. D) nature. Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 4 CO NTI N U E
1 1 Questions 11-21 are based on the following spend with how much recipients will appreciate the ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... passage and supplementary material. gift (the more expensive the gift, the stronger a gift-recipient’s feelings of appreciation). Although a This passage is adapted from Francis J. Flynn and Gabrielle 45 link between gift price and feelings of appreciation S. Adams, "Money Can't Buy Love: Asymmetric Beliefs about might seem intuitive to gift-givers, such an Gift Price and Feelings of Appreciation." ©2008 by Elsevier assumption may be unfounded. Indeed, we propose Inc. that gift-recipients will be less inclined to base their Every day, millions of shoppers hit the stores in feelings of appreciation on the magnitude of a gift full force—both online and on foot—searching 50 than givers assume. frantically for the perfect gift. Last year, Americans Why do gift-givers assume that gift price is closely Line spent over $30 billion at retail stores in the month of linked to gift-recipients’ feelings of appreciation? 5 December alone. Aside from purchasing holiday Perhaps givers believe that bigger (i.e., more gifts, most people regularly buy presents for other expensive) gifts convey stronger signals of occasions throughout the year, including weddings, 55 thoughtfulness and consideration. According to birthdays, anniversaries, graduations, and baby Camerer (1988) and others, gift-giving represents a showers. This frequent experience of gift-giving can symbolic ritual, whereby gift-givers attempt to signal 10 engender ambivalent feelings in gift-givers. Many their positive attitudes toward the intended recipient relish the opportunity to buy presents because and their willingness to invest resources in a future gift-giving offers a powerful means to build stronger 60 relationship. In this sense, gift-givers may be bonds with one’s closest peers. At the same time, motivated to spend more money on a gift in order to many dread the thought of buying gifts; they worry send a “stronger signal” to their intended recipient. 15 that their purchases will disappoint rather than As for gift-recipients, they may not construe smaller delight the intended recipients. and larger gifts as representing smaller and larger Anthropologists describe gift-giving as a positive 65 signals of thoughtfulness and consideration. social process, serving various political, religious, and The notion of gift-givers and gift-recipients being psychological functions. Economists, however, offer unable to account for the other party’s perspective 20 a less favorable view. According to Waldfogel (1993), seems puzzling because people slip in and out of gift-giving represents an objective waste of resources. these roles every day, and, in some cases, multiple People buy gifts that recipients would not choose to 70 times in the course of the same day. Yet, despite the buy on their own, or at least not spend as much extensive experience that people have as both givers money to purchase (a phenomenon referred to as and receivers, they often struggle to transfer 25 ‘‘the deadweight loss of Christmas”). To wit, givers information gained from one role (e.g., as a giver) are likely to spend $100 to purchase a gift that and apply it in another, complementary role (e.g., as receivers would spend only $80 to buy themselves. 75 a receiver). In theoretical terms, people fail to utilize This ‘‘deadweight loss” suggests that gift-givers are information about their own preferences and not very good at predicting what gifts others will experiences in order to produce more efficient 30 appreciate. That in itself is not surprising to social outcomes in their exchange relations. In practical psychologists. Research has found that people often terms, people spend hundreds of dollars each year on struggle to take account of others’ perspectives— 80 gifts, but somehow never learn to calibrate their gift their insights are subject to egocentrism, social expenditures according to personal insight. projection, and multiple attribution errors. 35 What is surprising is that gift-givers have considerable experience acting as both gift-givers and gift-recipients, but nevertheless tend to overspend each time they set out to purchase a meaningful gift. In the present research, we propose a unique 40 psychological explanation for this overspending problem—i.e., that gift-givers equate how much they Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 5 CO NTI N U E
1 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Givers’ Perceived and Recipients’ 13 Actual Gift Appreciations The authors indicate that people value gift-giving 7.00 because they feel it A) functions as a form of self-expression. Mean appreciation 6.50 B) is an inexpensive way to show appreciation. 6.00 C) requires the gift-recipient to reciprocate. 5.50 D) can serve to strengthen a relationship. 5.00 14 4.50 Which choice provides the best evidence for the 0 answer to the previous question? giver recipient A) Lines 10-13 (“Many . . . peers”) Role B) Lines 22-23 (“People . . . own”) less expensive gift C) Lines 31-32 (“Research . . . perspectives”) more expensive gift D) Lines 44-47 (“Although . . . unfounded”) 15 The “social psychologists” mentioned in paragraph 2 11 (lines 17-34) would likely describe the “deadweight The authors most likely use the examples in lines 1-9 loss” phenomenon as of the passage (“Every . . . showers”) to highlight the A) predictable. A) regularity with which people shop for gifts. B) questionable. B) recent increase in the amount of money spent on C) disturbing. gifts. D) unprecedented. C) anxiety gift shopping causes for consumers. D) number of special occasions involving gift-giving. 16 The passage indicates that the assumption made by gift-givers in lines 41-44 may be 12 A) insincere. In line 10, the word “ambivalent” most nearly means B) unreasonable. A) unrealistic. C) incorrect. B) conflicted. D) substantiated. C) apprehensive. D) supportive. Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 6 CO NTI N U E
1 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 20 Which choice provides the best evidence for the The graph following the passage offers evidence that answer to the previous question? gift-givers base their predictions of how much a gift A) Lines 53-55 (“Perhaps . . . consideration”) will be appreciated on B) Lines 55-60 (“According . . . relationship”) A) the appreciation level of the gift-recipients. C) Lines 63-65 (“As . . . consideration”) B) the monetary value of the gift. D) Lines 75-78 (“In . . . relations”) C) their own desires for the gifts they purchase. D) their relationship with the gift-recipients. 18 21 As it is used in line 54, “convey” most nearly means A) transport. The authors would likely attribute the differences in gift-giver and recipient mean appreciation as B) counteract. represented in the graph to C) exchange. A) an inability to shift perspective. D) communicate. B) an increasingly materialistic culture. C) a growing opposition to gift-giving. 19 D) a misunderstanding of intentions. The authors refer to work by Camerer and others (line 56) in order to A) offer an explanation. B) introduce an argument. C) question a motive. D) support a conclusion. Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 7 CO NTI N U E
1 1 Questions 22-31 are based on the following long molecule many different permutations are ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... passage and supplementary material. possible, and it therefore seems likely that the precise This passage is adapted from J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick, sequence of bases is the code which carries the “Genetical Implications of the Structure of Deoxyribonucleic 45 genetical information. If the actual order of the bases Acid.” ©1953 by Nature Publishing Group. Watson and Crick on one of the pair of chains were given, one could deduced the structure of DNA using evidence from Rosalind write down the exact order of the bases on the other Franklin and R. G. Gosling’s X-ray crystallography diagrams one, because of the specific pairing. Thus one chain of DNA and from Erwin Chargaff’s data on the base is, as it were, the complement of the other, and it is composition of DNA. 50 this feature which suggests how the deoxyribonucleic The chemical formula of deoxyribonucleic acid acid molecule might duplicate itself. (DNA) is now well established. The molecule is a The table shows, for various organisms, the percentage of very long chain, the backbone of which consists of a each of the four types of nitrogenous bases in that Line regular alternation of sugar and phosphate groups. organism’s DNA. 5 To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous base, which can be of four different types. Two of the possible Base Composition of DNA bases—adenine and guanine—are purines, and the other two—thymine and cytosine—are pyrimidines. Percentage of base So far as is known, the sequence of bases along the in organism’s DNA 10 chain is irregular. The monomer unit, consisting of phosphate, sugar and base, is known as a nucleotide. Organism adenine guanine cytosine thymine The first feature of our structure which is of (%) (%) (%) (%) biological interest is that it consists not of one chain, but of two. These two chains are both coiled around Maize 26.8 22.8 23.2 27.2 15 a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that Octopus 33.2 17.6 17.6 31.6 since there was only one chain in the chemical Chicken 28.0 22.0 21.6 28.4 formula there would only be one in the structural unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray Rat 28.6 21.4 20.5 28.4 evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two. Human 29.3 20.7 20.0 30.0 20 The other biologically important feature is the manner in which the two chains are held together. Grasshopper 29.3 20.5 20.7 29.3 This is done by hydrogen bonds between the bases. Sea urchin 32.8 17.7 17.3 32.1 The bases are joined together in pairs, a single base Wheat 27.3 22.7 22.8 27.1 from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single 25 base from the other. The important point is that only Yeast 31.3 18.7 17.1 32.9 certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure. E. coli 24.7 26.0 25.7 23.6 One member of a pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two Adapted from Manju Bansal, “DNA Structure: Revisiting the chains. If a pair consisted of two purines, for Watson-Crick Double Helix.” ©2003 by Current Science Association, 30 example, there would not be room for it. Bangalore. We believe that the bases will be present almost entirely in their most probable forms. If this is true, the conditions for forming hydrogen bonds are more restrictive, and the only pairs of bases possible are: 35 adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine. Adenine, for example, can occur on either chain; but when it does, its partner on the other chain must always be thymine. The phosphate-sugar backbone of our model is 40 completely regular, but any sequence of the pairs of bases can fit into the structure. It follows that in a Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 8 CO NTI N U E
1 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 25 The authors use the word “backbone” in lines 3 The authors’ main purpose of including the and 39 to indicate that information about X-ray evidence and density is to A) only very long chains of DNA can be taken from A) establish that DNA is the molecule that carries an organism with a spinal column. the genetic information. B) the main structure of a chain in a DNA molecule B) present an alternate hypothesis about the is composed of repeating units. composition of a nucleotide. C) a chain in a DNA molecule consists entirely of C) provide support for the authors’ claim about the phosphate groups or of sugars. number of chains in a molecule of DNA. D) nitrogenous bases form the main structural unit D) confirm the relationship between the density of of DNA. DNA and the known chemical formula of DNA. 23 26 A student claims that nitrogenous bases pair Based on the passage, the authors’ statement “If a randomly with one another. Which of the following pair consisted of two purines, for example, there statements in the passage contradicts the student’s would not be room for it” (lines 29-30) implies that a claim? pair A) Lines 5-6 (“To each . . . types”) A) of purines would be larger than the space B) Lines 9-10 (“So far . . . irregular”) between a sugar and a phosphate group. C) Lines 23-25 (“The bases . . . other”) B) of purines would be larger than a pair consisting of a purine and a pyrimidine. D) Lines 27-29 (“One member . . . chains”) C) of pyrimidines would be larger than a pair of purines. 24 D) consisting of a purine and a pyrimidine would be larger than a pair of pyrimidines. In the second paragraph (lines 12-19), what do the authors claim to be a feature of biological interest? A) The chemical formula of DNA 27 B) The common fiber axis The authors’ use of the words “exact,” “specific,” and C) The X-ray evidence “complement” in lines 47-49 in the final paragraph D) DNA consisting of two chains functions mainly to A) confirm that the nucleotide sequences are known for most molecules of DNA. B) counter the claim that the sequences of bases along a chain can occur in any order. C) support the claim that the phosphate-sugar backbone of the authors’ model is completely regular. D) emphasize how one chain of DNA may serve as a template to be copied during DNA replication. Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 9 CO NTI N U E
1 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 30 Based on the table and passage, which choice gives According to the table, which of the following pairs the correct percentages of the purines in yeast DNA? of base percentages in sea urchin DNA provides A) 17.1% and 18.7% evidence in support of the answer to the previous question? B) 17.1% and 32.9% A) 17.3% and 17.7% C) 18.7% and 31.3% B) 17.3% and 32.1% D) 31.3% and 32.9% C) 17.3% and 32.8% D) 17.7% and 32.8% 29 Do the data in the table support the authors’ 31 proposed pairing of bases in DNA? A) Yes, because for each given organism, the Based on the table, is the percentage of adenine in percentage of adenine is closest to the percentage each organism’s DNA the same or does it vary, and of thymine, and the percentage of guanine is which statement made by the authors is most closest to the percentage of cytosine. consistent with that data? B) Yes, because for each given organism, the A) The same; “Two of . . . pyrimidines” (lines 6-8) percentage of adenine is closest to the percentage B) The same; “The important . . . structure” of guanine, and the percentage of cytosine is (lines 25-26) closest to the percentage of thymine. C) It varies; “Adenine . . . thymine” (lines 36-38) C) No, because for each given organism, the D) It varies; “It follows . . . information” percentage of adenine is closest to the percentage (lines 41-45) of thymine, and the percentage of guanine is closest to the percentage of cytosine. D) No, because for each given organism, the percentage of adenine is closest to the percentage of guanine, and the percentage of cytosine is closest to the percentage of thymine. Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 10 CO NTI N U E
1 1 Questions 32-41 are based on the following talk of fashions—men’s and women’s. We are here, ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... passage. on the bridge, to ask ourselves certain questions. This passage is adapted from Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas. And they are very important questions; and we have ©1938 by Harcourt, Inc. Here, Woolf considers the situation very little time in which to answer them. The of women in English society. 50 questions that we have to ask and to answer about that procession during this moment of transition are Close at hand is a bridge over the River Thames, so important that they may well change the lives of an admirable vantage ground for us to make a all men and women for ever. For we have to ask survey. The river flows beneath; barges pass, laden ourselves, here and now, do we wish to join that Line with timber, bursting with corn; there on one side are 55 procession, or don’t we? On what terms shall we join 5 the domes and spires of the city; on the other, that procession? Above all, where is it leading us, the Westminster and the Houses of Parliament. It is a procession of educated men? The moment is short; it place to stand on by the hour, dreaming. But not may last five years; ten years, or perhaps only a now. Now we are pressed for time. Now we are here matter of a few months longer. . . . But, you will to consider facts; now we must fix our eyes upon the 60 object, you have no time to think; you have your 10 procession—the procession of the sons of educated battles to fight, your rent to pay, your bazaars to men. organize. That excuse shall not serve you, Madam. There they go, our brothers who have been As you know from your own experience, and there educated at public schools and universities, are facts that prove it, the daughters of educated men mounting those steps, passing in and out of those 65 have always done their thinking from hand to 15 doors, ascending those pulpits, preaching, teaching, mouth; not under green lamps at study tables in the administering justice, practising medicine, cloisters of secluded colleges. They have thought transacting business, making money. It is a solemn while they stirred the pot, while they rocked the sight always—a procession, like a caravanserai cradle. It was thus that they won us the right to our crossing a desert. . . . But now, for the past twenty 70 brand-new sixpence. It falls to us now to go on 20 years or so, it is no longer a sight merely, a thinking; how are we to spend that sixpence? Think photograph, or fresco scrawled upon the walls of we must. Let us think in offices; in omnibuses; while time, at which we can look with merely an esthetic we are standing in the crowd watching Coronations appreciation. For there, trapesing along at the tail and Lord Mayor’s Shows; let us think . . . in the end of the procession, we go ourselves. And that 75 gallery of the House of Commons; in the Law Courts; 25 makes a difference. We who have looked so long at let us think at baptisms and marriages and funerals. the pageant in books, or from a curtained window Let us never cease from thinking—what is this watched educated men leaving the house at about “civilization” in which we find ourselves? What are nine-thirty to go to an office, returning to the house these ceremonies and why should we take part in at about six-thirty from an office, need look passively 80 them? What are these professions and why 30 no longer. We too can leave the house, can mount should we make money out of them? Where in those steps, pass in and out of those doors, . . . make short is it leading us, the procession of the sons of money, administer justice. . . . We who now agitate educated men? these humble pens may in another century or two speak from a pulpit. Nobody will dare contradict us 35 then; we shall be the mouthpieces of the divine 32 spirit—a solemn thought, is it not? Who can say whether, as time goes on, we may not dress in The main purpose of the passage is to military uniform, with gold lace on our breasts, A) emphasize the value of a tradition. swords at our sides, and something like the old 40 family coal-scuttle on our heads, save that that B) stress the urgency of an issue. venerable object was never decorated with plumes of C) highlight the severity of social divisions. white horsehair. You laugh—indeed the shadow of D) question the feasibility of an undertaking. the private house still makes those dresses look a little queer. We have worn private clothes so 45 long. . . . But we have not come here to laugh, or to Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 11 CO NTI N U E
1 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 36 The central claim of the passage is that Woolf indicates that the procession she describes in A) educated women face a decision about how to the passage engage with existing institutions. A) has come to have more practical influence in B) women can have positions of influence in recent years. English society only if they give up some of their B) has become a celebrated feature of English public traditional roles. life. C) the male monopoly on power in English society C) includes all of the richest and most powerful has had grave and continuing effects. men in England. D) the entry of educated women into positions of D) has become less exclusionary in its membership power traditionally held by men will transform in recent years. those positions. 37 34 Which choice provides the best evidence for the Woolf uses the word “we” throughout the passage answer to the previous question? mainly to A) Lines 12-17 (“There . . . money”) A) reflect the growing friendliness among a group B) Lines 17-19 (“It . . . desert”) of people. C) Lines 23-24 (“For . . . ourselves”) B) advance the need for candor among a group of people. D) Lines 30-34 (“We . . . pulpit”) C) establish a sense of solidarity among a group of people. D) reinforce the need for respect among a group of people. 35 According to the passage, Woolf chooses the setting of the bridge because it A) is conducive to a mood of fanciful reflection. B) provides a good view of the procession of the sons of educated men. C) is within sight of historic episodes to which she alludes. D) is symbolic of the legacy of past and present sons of educated men. Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 12 CO NTI N U E