Name Date Organizing Life’s Diversity Section 17.1 The History of Classification Main Idea Details Scan Section 1 of the chapter. Write three questions that come to mind from reading the headings and the illustration captions. 1. Accept all reasonable responses. 2. 3. Review Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define morphology. morphology the structure and form of an organism or one of its parts New Vocabulary Classify each term at the left as being part of Linnaeus’ two-word naming system or a taxonomic group. binominal nomenclature Linnaeus’ System Taxonomic Group Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. class binominal nomenclature class division genus division domain family family kingdom order genus phylum kingdom domain order phylum Use your book to define each term. classification grouping of objects or information based on a set of criteria taxon a named group of organisms taxonomy a discipline of biology primarily concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species based on natural relationships 170 Organizing Life’s Diversity
Name Date Section 17.1 The History of Classification (continued) Main Idea Details Early Systems of Identify the parts of Linnaeus’ two-word naming system by Classification completing the graphic organizer below. I found this information first word which group of on page . identifies a genus is a similar species SE, pp. 484–486 RE, pp. 197–200 Binomial Nomenclature: specific a characteristic second word epithet which of an organism is called the often describes Distinguish the genus and specific name, or epithet, for the species name of modern humans. Homo sapiens genus specific epithet Taxonomic 1. Compare data in the table below to determine which two animals Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Categories are most closely related. Support your reasoning. I found this information coyote and wolf; their classifications are identical down to the on page . SE, pp. 487–488 species level RE, pp. 200–201 Classification of Selected Mammals Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Order Cetacea Carnivora Carnivora Carnivora Family Mysticeti Felidae Canidae Canidae Genus Balenopora Felis Canis Canis Species B. physalis F. catus C. latrans C. lupus Common Blue Domestic Coyote Wolf name whale cat 2. Analyze at which level the blue whale diverges from the other animals on the table. at the order level Organizing Life’s Diversity 171
Name Date Section 17.1 The History of Classification (continued) Main Idea Details I found this information Organize the following taxa from most specific to least specific: on page . family, genus, order, species. The first one has been done for you. SE, pp. 487–488 RE, pp. 200–201 order family genus species Analyze the figure of the taxonomic groups in your book. Then identify the domain, kingdom, phylum, and class for humans. Domain: Eukanya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Systematics Summarize how a dichotomous key works. Applications A dichotomous key is based on a series of choices between I found this information alternate characteristics. At each choice in the key, you identify a on page . SE, p. 489 characteristic, such as color of stem—red or green. If the answer is RE, p. 201 red, you follow the key to the next choice. At the end, you will know the scientific name of the organism. S UMM ARIZE Explain why a name such as catfish is not a good scientific name. Analyze why scientific names are better. Accept all reasonable responses. Common names may describe a characteristic of an organism but be misleading. Catfish are not related to cats. Scientific names provide a specific way of classifying organisms that all biologists understand. 172 Organizing Life’s Diversity
Name Date Organizing Life’s Diversity Section 17.2 Modern Classification Main Idea Details Scan the illustrations in Section 2 of the chapter and read the captions. Select one illustration and state why you think it will be important. Illustration: Accept all reasonable responses. Why it will be important: Review Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define evolution. evolution the historical development of a regulated group of organisms New Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define each term. characters inherited features that vary among species; can be morphological or biochemical Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. cladistics a method of analysis that reconstructs phylogenies cladogram a branching diagram that represents the proposed phylogeny or evolution of a species or group molecular clock a model that uses comparisons of DNA sequences to estimate how long species have been evolving independently phylogeny the evolutionary history of a species Academic Vocabulary Define corresponding to show its scientific meaning. corresponding being similar or equivalent in character, quantity, origin, structure, or function Organizing Life’s Diversity 173
Name Date Section 17.2 Modern Classification (continued) Main Idea Details Determining Compare the four concepts that biologists have used or are using to Species classify organisms. Basis of I found this information Concept Classification Limitations on page . SE, pp. 490–491 Typological physical does not account RE, pp. 202–204 species concept characteristics for variations in species or the fact that species change over time Biological species group of does not account concept organisms that for extinct species or species that can interbreed reproduce and produce asexually fertile offspring in a natural setting Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Evolutionary groups that unknown species concept evolve evolutionary independently histories for some from their species ancestral population Phylogenetic clusters of unknown species concept organisms that evolutionary are distinct from other clusters and histories for some share a pattern of species ancestry 174 Organizing Life’s Diversity
Name Date Section 17.2 Modern Classification (continued) Main Idea Details Characters Identify and give examples of the two types of characters in the I found this information concept map. on page . Characters: SE, pp. 492–495 Inherited features that vary among species RE, pp. 204–205 Morphological Characters: Biochemical Characters: Similar or analogous structures Similarities in genetic material (DNA and RNA) Example: Example: Example: Example: hollow spaces feathers in similar chromosome in leg bones oviraptors genetic similarities of oviraptors and birds makeup of among and birds broccoli, chimps, kale, and gorillas, and cauliflower orangutangs Phylogenetic Describe cladograms by completing the paragraph. Reconstruction A cladogram is a branching diagram that represents the Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. I found this information proposed phylogeny or evolution of a species or group. on page . SE, pp. 495–498 The groups used in cladograms are called clades . To RE, pp. 206–207 develop a cladogram, derived characters are identified. Then the ancestry of various species is identified based on the presence or absence of the derived characters in the species . In making a cladogram, taxonomists assume that groups that share more derived characters have a more recent common ancestor. S UMM ARIZE Describe a process scientists use to construct a cladogram that includes a new species of vascular plant that was recently discovered in the rainforest. Accept all reasonable responses. Scientists would identify derived characters and ancestral characters. They would place the new species close to other species that share the most derived characters. Organizing Life’s Diversity 175
Name Date Organizing Life’s Diversity Section 17.3 Domains and Kingdoms Main Idea Details Scan Section 3 of the chapter. Use the checklist as a guide. Read all section titles. Read all boldfaced words. Read all tables and graphs. Look at all pictures and read the captions. Think about what you already know about groups of organisms. Write three facts you discovered as you scanned the section. 1. Accept all reasonable responses. 2. 3. Review Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define eukaryote. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. eukaryote an organism composed of one or more cells containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles New Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define each term. Archaea a kingdom of prokaryotes whose cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan; sometimes called extremophiles eubacteria a kingdom of prokaryotes whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan fungus eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular and absorbs nutrients from organic materials in its environment; have cell walls that contain chitin protists eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular; subclassified as algae, protozoans, and fungus-like 176 Organizing Life’s Diversity
Name Date Section 17.3 Domains and Kingdoms (continued) Main Idea Details Grouping Species Rephrase why the members formerly in the Kingdom Monera were I found this information separated into the two new domains Bacteria and Archaea. on page . Biochemical studies showed that there were two different types of SE, p. 499 RE, p. 208 bacteria, so they were divided into two domains. Domain Bacteria Model the cell walls of eubacteria. Label the features of eubacteria. I found this information Accept all reasonable drawings. on page . SE, pp. 499–500 RE, pp. 208–209 Domain Archaea Analyze why archaebacteria are sometimes called extremophiles. I found this information Archaebacteria are called extremophiles because they live in some Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. on page . SE, p. 500 of the most extreme environments on Earth, including boiling hot RE, p. 209 springs, salty lakes, thermal vents, and mud. Domain Eukarya Organize the kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya and describe their I found this information cell structure. List each kingdom’s sources of energy and other on page . important characteristics. SE, pp. 501–503 RE, pp. 209–212 Kingdom Cell Energy Other Structure Sources Characteristics Eubacteria strong cell heterotrophs, live in most walls autotrophs, habitats and chemo- synthetic Archaebacteria have cell walls autotrophs, live in extreme that are chemo- environments different from synthetic, and eubacteria photosynthetic Organizing Life’s Diversity 177
Name Date Section 17.3 Domains and Kingdoms (continued) Main Idea Details I found this information Kingdom Cell Energy Other on page . Structure Sources Characteristics SE, pp. 501–503 Protists unicellular or autotrophs, simple organ RE, pp. 209–212 multicellular heterotrophs systems Fungi unicellular or heterotrophs stationary multicellular Plants have cell walls autotrophs stationary Animals no cell walls heterotrophs most able to move Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. S UMM ARIZE Model a diagram of the relationship between domains and kingdoms. Accept all reasonable responses. 178 Organizing Life’s Diversity
Name Date Bacteria and Viruses Section 18.1 Bacteria Main Idea Details Scan Section 1 of the chapter. Write two facts that you discovered as you scanned the section. 1. Accept all reasonable responses. 2. Review Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define prokaryotic cell. prokaryotic cell cell that does not contain any membrane-bound organelles New Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define each term. bacteria unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. binary fission division of a cell into two genetically identical cells capsule layer of secreted polysaccharides around a prokaryotic cell wall conjugation method of reproduction in which two prokaryotes attach to each other and exchange genetic information endospore structure produced by some bacteria during harsh environmental conditions that contains genetic information and can germinate into a new bacterial cell when conditions improve nucleoid area of a prokaryotic cell that holds the chromosome pilus submicroscopic, hairlike structure made of protein that is found on the outer surface of some bacteria 180 Bacteria and Viruses