Name Date Section 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem (continued) Main Idea Details Models of Energy Contrast a food chain with a food web. Flow Food chains show how matter and energy move through an I found this information ecosystem. Food webs show all feeding relationships at each trophic on page . SE, pp. 42–44 level in a community. RE, pp. 17–18 State three things that an ecological pyramid shows that food webs and food chains do not show. An ecological pyramid shows that energy decreases as you go up the trophic levels. There are more organisms in the lower trophic levels. An ecological pyramid also shows biomass consumption. Create a food web and name the organisms you include. Indicate each organism’s trophic level. Accept all reasonable drawings. See SE page 43 for an example. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. S UMM ARIZE Analyze the place in the food chain in which you participate. Use the vocabulary terms from this section that apply to you. Most students will indicate that they are the top level in their food webs. Strict vegetarians might indicate that they are heterotrophs and herbivores. Others will report that they are heterotrophs and omnivores. Principles of Ecology 17
Name Date Principles of Ecology Section 2.3 Cycling of Matter Main Idea Details Scan the titles, boldfaced words, pictures, figures, and captions in Section 3. Write two facts you discovered about animals as you scanned the section. 1. Accept all reasonable responses. 2. Review Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define cycle. Then give an example of a cycle. cycle a series of events that occur in a regular repeating pattern; examples of cycles will vary New Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define each vocabulary term. biogeochemical cycle the exchange of matter through the biosphere, which involves living organisms, geological processes, and chemical processes denitrification a process in which some soil bacteria convert fixed nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen gas, which returns to the atmosphere matter anything that takes up space and has mass; provides the nutrients needed for organisms to function nitrogen fixation the process of capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form that is usable by plants nutrient a chemical substance that an organism must obtain from its environment to sustain life and to undergo life processes 18 Principles of Ecology
Name Date Section 2.3 Cycling of Matter (continued) Main Idea Details Cycles in the Create minimodels for each cycle of matter in nature. Use words Biosphere or pictures to sketch a simple example for each type of cycle to show the movement of matter. Accept all reasonable models. I found this information on page . SE, pp. 45–49 A. The Water Cycle B. The Carbon Cycle RE, pp. 19–22 Models should show water Models should show plants falling from clouds as using carbon dioxide to make precipitation, moving through sugars, animals eating the the earth and water table back sugars, respiration, and into lakes and oceans, and combustion putting carbon into evaporating again. Models may the air. Models may also show include tree transpiration. the long-term carbon cycle in which organic matter is buried and converted to fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide is released when fossil fuels are burned. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. C. The Nitrogen Cycle D. The Phosphorus Cycle Models should show bacteria (short-term and long-term) fixing nitrogen from the air into Short-term models should show the soil, plants using it, animals soil to plants to animals to eating plants and making the decay and back to soil. Long- nitrogen into proteins. Animals term models should show make urine that goes into soil, rocks dissolving into the water die, and decay back into soil. table and precipitating back They may show bacteria putting onto the rocks. nitrogen from soil back into air. Principles of Ecology 19
Name Date Section 2.3 Cycling of Matter (continued) Main Idea Details Describe each of the cycles in nature. Identify where each cycle is found, how organisms use them, and what key words relate to them. Carbon/ Water oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Where underground, in all living in the cell found in the things, in the atmosphere; compounds; atmosphere, atmosphere in plants in Earth’s and on crust Earth’s surface How basis of life to life to produce make up used for all living processes; proteins; in bones and things make up chemical teeth molecules fertilizers such as carbon dioxide and sugar Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Key evaporating, photosynthe- nitrogen decomposers, words water vapor, sis, cellular fixation, weathering, in the precipitation, respiration, nitrates, erosion, cycle transpiration fossil fuel, decom- phosphates calcium posers, carbonate ammonia, denitrifica- tion S UMM ARIZE Analyze current farming practices that are designed to make the best use of energy flow in ecosystems and cycles of matter. Accept all reasonable responses. Fertilizers replace nitrogen, phosphorus, and other minerals that are lost from the soil when vegetable matter is harvested and removed. Pesticides and herbicides try to stop insects from eating crops, and other plants from stealing the nutrients in the soil from the crop. Greenhouses are used to make the most of the Sun’s energy. 20 Principles of Ecology
Name Date Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. Accept all reasonable responses. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement. Communities, Biomes, and Before You Read Ecosystems After You Read • Once an ecosystem is established, its plant and animal species remain the D same. • Over time, a forest can develop from bare rock. A • Mountains are not a biome because climate, plants, and animals change with A elevation. • Most of Earth’s freshwater is locked in ice. A Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Science Journal “Organisms in a community reflect the resources and climate of that community.” Give some examples to illustrate this statement. Accept all reasonable responses. Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems 21
Name Date Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Section 3.1 Community Ecology Main Idea Details Skim Section 1 of the chapter. List three facts you discovered about ecosystems. 1. Accept all reasonable responses. 2. 3. Review Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define abiotic factor. abiotic factor the nonliving part of an organism’s environment New Vocabulary Use the new vocabulary terms to complete the following sentences Your community includes the people, other animals, climax community plants, bacteria, and fungi in your area. A limiting factor is any abiotic or biotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction, Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. community or distribution of organisms. The ability of any organism to survive when subjected to abiotic or biotic factors is its ecological succession tolerance . Changing abiotic or biotic factors can trigger ecological succession —the replacement of one community limiting factor with another. Primary succession occurs when a community primary succession becomes established in an area of exposed rock without topsoil. Eventually, a stable, mature climax community can develop secondary succession from bare rock. If a disturbance, such as fire, removes the community but not the soil, an orderly and predictable change tolerance called secondary succession restores the community over time. 22 Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Name Date Section 3.1 Community Ecology (continued) Main Idea Details Communities Predict how an unusually prolonged drought might affect a I found this information biological community. on page . Accept all reasonable responses. Drought uncharacteristic of the SE, pp. 60–61 RE, pp. 23–24 ecosystem might cause some species of plants and animals to decline or become extinct in the area. Other organisms that feed on these plants and animals would also decline. Declining species would be replaced by species that are less sensitive to drought. Create a tolerance graph similar to the Tolerance of Steelhead Trout figure in your book. Title your graph Tolerance of Plant A. Label the zones. Then label the limits of each zone according to the facts about Plant A listed below. • can live at an elevation • cannot live above 6,000 m between 1,000 and 2,000 m • grows best between 2,000 • can live at an elevation and 5,000 m between 5,000 and 6,000 m • cannot live below 1,000 m Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Accept all reasonable responses. Infer other abiotic factors that might limit the survival of Plant A. Accept all reasonable responses. Abiotic limiting factors might include temperature, amount of sunlight, and nutrients in the soil. Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems 23
Name Date Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Section 3.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Main Idea Details Scan the titles, boldfaced words, figures, and captions in Section 3. Write three facts you discovered about aquatic ecosystems. 1. Accept all reasonable responses. 2. 3. Review Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define salinity. salinity a measure of the amount of salt in a body of water New Vocabulary Write the correct term in the left column for each definition below. profundal zone deepest areas of a large lake intertidal zone narrow band where the ocean meets land Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. aphotic zone area of the open ocean that is too deep for sunlight to penetrate photic zone area of the open ocean to a depth of about 200 m that is shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate abyssal zone deepest region of the ocean wetlands areas of land such as marshes, swamps, and bogs that are saturated with water and that support aquatic plants littoral zone area of a lake or pond that is closest to shore estuary ecosystem that is formed where a freshwater river or stream merges with the ocean limnetic zone open water area of a lake or pond that is well lit and dominated by plankton benthic zone area of sand, silt, and dead organisms along the ocean floor sediment material that is deposited by water, wind, or glaciers plankton free-floating photosynthetic autotrophs that live in freshwater or marine ecosystems 28 Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Name Date Section 3.3 Aquatic Ecosystems (continued) Main Idea Details The Water Complete this paragraph about the distribution of water on the on Earth Earth. I found this information By far, salt water is the most common type of water on on page . freshwater SE, p. 74 Earth. Of the 2.5 percent of on Earth, most is RE, p. 30 locked in the ice of glaciers . Most freshwater species live in lakes , ponds , rivers , streams , and wetlands that make up only 0.3 percent of all freshwater. The remaining freshwater is found in groundwater . Freshwater Analyze how the speed of water flow affects life in a river by Ecosystems writing more or less in the appropriate boxes in the figure. I found this information Accumulation Species that on page . of sediment and can live in these SE, pp. 74–77 organic material waters RE, pp. 30–32 Fast-moving water less less Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Slow-moving more more water Compare the zones of lakes and ponds by completing the table below. Zone Location Example Species limnetic well-lit open water plankton, many species of area fishes profundal deepest areas of a limited due to cold and reduced large lake light and oxygen littoral closest to shore algae, rooted and floating plants, snails, insects, clams, crustaceans, fishes, amphibians Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems 29
Name Date Section 3.3 Aquatic Ecosystems (continued) Main Idea Details Transitional Compare transitional aquatic ecosystems. Identify two types in the Aquatic organizer below and describe the environments each type combines. Ecosystems I found this information Transitional Aquatic on page . Ecosystems SE, p. 78 RE, p. 32 wetlands estuaries combine: land and combine: freshwater water and salt water Marine Identify the marine ecosystems. Write the name of the zone in each Ecosystems box in the figure below. I found this information intertidal on page . zone SE, pp. 79–81 photic zone shore Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. RE, pp. 33–34 200 m aphotic zone benthic zone abyssal ocean floor zone extreme depth S UMM ARIZE Analyze several adaptations that would help organisms survive in the intertidal zone. Accept all reasonable responses. Plants and animals would have to be able to withstand the currents of tides and waves. They would benefit from adaptations that enable them to cling to rocks or sand, such as suction cups, claws, or gluelike secretions. Organisms exposed at low tide would also have to be able to survive out of water for a period of time. The ability to burrow into the sand or breathe air would help organisms survive out of water. 30 Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems