ENDSEM EXAMS HISTORY 9

END SEMESTER1 EXAMS HISTORY 9 Instructions 1. The booklet contains four questions 2. Read and answer all questions correctly 3. Submit your answers within the stipulated time 4. Any examination irregularity shall lead to cancellation of the entire paper 5. Answers should be given in the provided spaces.

QUESTION ONE The Industrial Revolution, which took place between 1750 - 1900, was a period of great change in Britain. There were huge technological advances which had an impact on every aspect of life. These technological advances were happening while the British Empire was growing. Not all of these changes were positive. Conditions in factories and coal mines in particular were dangerous and difficult. Most manufacturing of textiles took place in the home. This was called the domestic system and was labor intensive. Production was small-scale and goods were normally sold in local markets. But Britain was also a leading European wool producer. The textiles made in Britain were often sold in Europe or sent to India and the American colonies. From the mid-1700s onwards, machinery started to be developed to speed up the production process and to produce on a larger scale, also referred to as the factory system. This period is known as the Industrial Revolution, although some historians say this term is misleading, as change took place over a long period of time and so shouldn’t be called a revolution. Use the above extract and the knowledge you have learnt in class to answer the following questions. 1a. Discuss five challenges that faced industrialization before 1800 10mks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2a. Compare the state of manufacturing and industry before and after industrial revolution. 10mks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2c. Discuss five features that marked the advent of industrial revolution in Britain. 10mks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ QUESTION TWO By the mid-1700s, Britain was becoming the world’s most powerful empire. Some historians have argued that Britain’s empire and its global trading contributed to the Industrial Revolution. For example, the population of Britain’s North American colonies was growing rapidly, and they bought a lot of goods that were manufactured in Britain, creating a larger market for these goods. Money that was made from the slave trade was used to build railways in Britain. The wealth generated by the empire encouraged industrialization in Britain. In the 1800s, it became common to employ women and children to work in factories. Before the Industrial Revolution, all but the wealthiest women worked. However, this work was normally in the home or the fields, and often took place alongside the rest of the family. As factories spread across the Midlands, North West and Scottish Lowlands, many offered job opportunities to women, particularly textile factories. In these areas, young women could earn high wages, which gave them more independence than previous generations experienced. It could be difficult to combine working in a factory with caring for young children; some women would leave young children in the care of female relatives or take them to work with them. Children were cheap to employ and their small hands were able to effectively operate the machinery. Unfortunately, the conditions in the factories were very dangerous. For example: Days were long. Children often had to work 12-14-hour shifts, six days a week. There was very little safety equipment, so children could be seriously injured or killed by the fast-moving machinery. Pay was low. Child workers received an average of 3 shillings (36p) a week. If children were tired and started to work slowly, there were strict punishments. Children were often beaten, or even had their ears nailed to a piece of wood. Answer the following question from the excerpt and what we have learnt in class

2a. Discuss five factors that resulted to industrialization in Britain. 10mks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2b. Examine five ways how working conditions were improved in the factories. 10mks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2c. Explain five negative effects of industrialization. 10mks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2d, Discuss five ways how industrialization contributed to Urbanization 10mks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ QUESTION THREE Until the 18th century, few people thought there was anything wrong with slavery. Both African rulers and European traders were happy to trade in slaves. The slave trade began with Portuguese and Spanish traders taking African slaves to the American colonies which they had conquered in the 15th century. Around 350,000 Africans were taken in this way as slaves to the Americas. In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht was signed. Spain gave British slave traders the contract, known as the Asiento, to trade 144,000 slaves a year to Spanish South America. After 1700, the numbers of slaves being transported increased greatly. Around six million Africans were taken as slaves to the Americas, at least one third of them on British ships. It has been estimated that overall, about 12 million Africans were captured to be taken to the Americas as slaves. Answer the following questions from the excerpt and class work knowledge. 3a. Discuss five ways how slaves were acquired. 10mks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3b. Discuss five factors that promoted Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. 10mks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3c. Discuss five impacts of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade both on the European and African societies. 10mks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

QUESTION ONE